Author Guidelines

Author Instruction
Language
The UK English version of spelling is embraced in ijreast publications, hence author(s) are advised to prepare manuscripts using the UK English.
The submitted papers should be unpublished any other journal and not being considered for publication elsewhere. Manuscripts should include the following types:
Original research papers.
Case studies.
Review articles.
Technical notes.
Page format
Contributors should use the Microsoft Word to prepare their manuscripts using 1.5-spacing, 2.5 cm margins including references, figures and tables, left and right justification. There should be no space between paragraphs, no tab at the beginning of each paragraph. The font size should be 12 for main body text, font type Times New Roman and printing on one side per page.
Tables and Figures should be in their respective position in the manuscript with title of Table Legends of Figure. Submitted Articles should not exceed 30 printable pages.
The title page should contain title of the manuscript, all names of authors and their corresponding affiliations as well as their complete mailing addresses, telephone, email and ORCiD where applicable. The designated corresponding author must be identified conspicuously on the page footer of all pages.
Citations of work in the text: Examples: one author- (Shama, 2022); Two authors: (Shama and Liuchen, 2021); More than two authors: (Shama et al., 2021). More than one reference: (Shama, 2018; Liuchen and Henry, 2022; Linn et al., 2019).
The full length research articles should be arranged using the following headings: Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussions, Conclusions and Recommendations, Acknowledgement and References.
Title
The title should be single column, spacing between lines in a text is 1.5 line and paragraph spacing, Times New Roman font size 12, Capitalize Each Word (Camel-case) to a maximum of 15 words, bold font, paragraph spacing is 0 before a new sentence and 12 after, centred.

Authors list: single TNR size 11 normal, single column, centred, spacing between lines in a text is 1.5, paragraph is 0 spacing before new sentence and 6 after, surname(s) first with coma, followed by full names.
ORCiD ID for each author and address(es) of each other, additional email address for the corresponding author.
Abstract
The word “Abstract” should be size 11, TNR, spacing between lines in a text is 1.5, bold font, left aligned, paragraph is 0 spacing before new sentence and 6 after.
Text should be single column, spacing between lines in a text is 1.0, paragraph is 0 spacing before new sentence and 6 after, justified, not exceeding 250 words in a single paragraph, no sub-headings and should be a brief summary of the work carried out including the objectives of the study, the techniques used and what was accomplished in a concise manner.
Keywords
It should contain up to 3-10 key terms related to the work separated by commas. Format for abstract applies in keywords.
Introduction
It should represent the background significance, brief survey of the previous works, purpose, scope and novelty of the research work and should not have subheadings.
Format: Title “Introduction” written in sentence case is bold font and left aligned, TNR size 12, paragraph spacing is 0 before new sentence and 6 after, line and paragraph spacing.
Text: Two columns, TNR size 12, spacing between lines in a text is 1.5, paragraph is 0 spacing before new sentence and 6 after, justified. This format applies to the rest of the text upto Appendices.
The words “et al”. should be italicized throughout the draft.
Captions (Tables and Figures): bold font, TNR size 11, spacing between lines in a text is 1.5, paragraph spacing is 0 before new sentence and 6 after, left intended.
Contents inside side contents in Table: TNR size 10, spacing between lines in a text is 1.0, paragraph spacing is 0 before new sentence and 0 after, left intended.
Footnotes after Table: paragraph spacing is 12 before new sentence and 6 after, font sizer 11.
Abbreviations of the common scientific terms used in descriptive statistics
Measurements of variability
Mean, arithmetic mean= X or M; Media =Mdn; Mode= Mo; Interquartile range= IQR; Range = Ra; Standard deviation= SD; Variance=SD2.
Statistical terms
Alpha coefficient= a; Analysis of variance =ANOVA; Autoregressive integrated moving average = ARIMA; Chi-square =c²; Cochran’s = Q; Coefficient of determination = r²; Cohen’s= d; Cohen’s kappa = k; Confidence interval =CI; Correlation coefficient = r; Cronbach’s alpha coefficient= a; Effect size =???? ; Eta= ƞ; F-test =F; Mann-Whitney U-test =U; Multiple correlation =R; Multivariate analysis of covariance =MANCOVA; Multivariate analysis of variance =MANOVA; One-way analysis of variance =ANOVA; Pearson correlation coefficient =r; Spearman’s rank order correlation= ρ; Standard error of the mean =SEM; Standard error =SE.
Material and Methods
Sufficient information in detail regarding project location, materials and the methods used to carry out the research works, i.e. experimental design, analytical, and statistical methods, should be mentioned. Source of chemicals and drugs, animals used, ethical committee permission should be disclosed.
Format- Similar as that applied to Introduction section.
Results and Discussions
Should contain summary of the research results, interpretations, speculations and assessment of future research or prospects.
Conclusions
It should include outcome of the work, important findings and author(s)’s view(s).
Recommendations(s)
Includes areas that need further investigation(s).
Acknowledgements (if any)
Should have brief information regarding any research grant support or the assistance of colleagues and/ or institutions.

References
Each item cited in the reference list must have been cited in the text, vice versa.
All sources appearing in the reference list must be ordered alphabetically by surname followed by a comma, the initials of the author. For multiple authors, they are separated by a comma, the last author separated by “and” from the other authors. Name of Journal should be written in full, followed by volume and issue (if any, in bracket), followed by page number(s).
Personal communications (interviews, letters, emails, etc.) should not be included in the references list.
The reference list should be 1.5-spaced (no line spaces between references) with hanging indents used for the second and subsequent lines of each entry.
References should be alphabetized at the end of the article using the following format:
Books
Author(s). (Year). Title of book. Publisher. Place. Example:
Chandrasekaran, B., Annadurai, K. and Somasundaram, E. (2010). A Textbook of Agronomy. New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002
Book chapter
Author(s), (Year). Title of paper. In: Names of editor(s) starting with initials (ed.) or (eds.). Title of book. Publisher. Place. Pp.
Example:
Shama, R., Henry, W., Liuchen, C., Linn, J., Shingli, S., Chan, J. E. (2017). Engineering Framework: Architectural Designs in Large Cities (England). In: The Civil Engineering Book II: Distribution, Description and Conservation, edited by C. Max Finlayson, G. Randy Milton, R. Crawford Prentice & Nick C. Davidson. Springer 2053p.ISBN 978940089.
Periodicals
Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Title of periodical. Volume: pp. XXX
Example
Articles in journals, magazines, and newspapers:
References to periodical articles must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and page numbers.
Journal article
Author(s) (Year). Title. Publisher (name if full). Volume (Number): page numbers. DOI.
Example
Shama, J. K. (2018). JAVA Re-engineering of Systems in the Indian Telecommunication Industry. International Journal of Research in Engineering Advanced Science and Technology-IJREAST 4(5): 118-128. doi.org/10.31695/IJREAST.2018.32726.
Article from an Internet-only journal
Example
Liuchen, J. (2018, November-December). Biotechnological implications on Biodiversity for Crossbreeding in cows. Biotechnology Sustainability Magazine, 17(11/12).
Magazine article, in print
Example
Shama, R. (2021, July 28). Significance of Chemiocally Generated Animal Feeds. Weekly Times, 64(3), 4-10.
Newspaper article, no author, in print
Example
The impact of civil war on food prices on the global market (2022, March 1). The 2022 East African States Union Economics, p. 16.